Ernest Swinton
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Major-General Major general (abbreviated MG, maj. gen. and similar) is a military rank used in many countries. It is derived from the older rank of sergeant major general. The disappearance of the "sergeant" in the title explains the apparent confusion of a ...
Sir Ernest Dunlop Swinton, (21 October 1868 – 15 January 1951) was a
British Army The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. , the British Army comprises 79,380 regular full-time personnel, 4,090 Gurk ...
officer who played a part in the development and adoption of the
tank A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle intended as a primary offensive weapon in front-line ground combat. Tank designs are a balance of heavy firepower, strong armour, and good battlefield mobility provided by tracks and a powerful engin ...
during the
First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
. He was also a war correspondent and author of several short stories on military themes. He is credited, along with fellow officer Lieutenant-Colonel Walter Dally Jones, with having initiated the use of the word "tank" as a code-name for the first tracked, armoured fighting vehicles.


Early life and career

Swinton was born in
Bangalore Bangalore (), officially Bengaluru (), is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It has a population of more than and a metropolitan population of around , making it the third most populous city and fifth most ...
,
India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
, in 1868. His father was a judge with the
Madras Chennai (, ), formerly known as Madras ( the official name until 1996), is the capital city of Tamil Nadu, the southernmost Indian state. The largest city of the state in area and population, Chennai is located on the Coromandel Coast of th ...
Civil Service. The family returned to England in 1874, and Swinton was educated at
University College School ("Slowly but surely") , established = , closed = , type = Public schoolIndependent day school , religion = , president = , head_label = Headmaster , head = Mark Beard , r_head_label = , r_hea ...
,
Rugby School Rugby School is a public school (English independent boarding school for pupils aged 13–18) in Rugby, Warwickshire, England. Founded in 1567 as a free grammar school for local boys, it is one of the oldest independent schools in Britain. Up ...
,
Cheltenham College ("Work Conquers All") , established = , closed = , type = Public schoolIndependent School Day and Boarding School , religion = Church of England , president = , head_label = Head , head = Nicola Huggett ...
,
Blackheath Proprietary School The Blackheath Proprietary School was an educational establishment founded in 1830. In the 19th century, it had a profound influence on the game of football, in both Association and Rugby codes. In 1863, the school became one of the founders of Th ...
, and the
Royal Military Academy, Woolwich The Royal Military Academy (RMA) at Woolwich, in south-east London, was a British Army military academy for the training of commissioned officers of the Royal Artillery and Royal Engineers. It later also trained officers of the Royal Corps of Sig ...
. He was commissioned a
second lieutenant Second lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces, comparable to NATO OF-1 rank. Australia The rank of second lieutenant existed in the military forces of the Australian colonies and Australian Army until ...
in the
Corps of Royal Engineers The Corps of Royal Engineers, usually called the Royal Engineers (RE), and commonly known as the ''Sappers'', is a corps of the British Army. It provides military engineering and other technical support to the British Armed Forces and is heade ...
on 17 February 1888. Serving in
India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
, he was promoted to
lieutenant A lieutenant ( , ; abbreviated Lt., Lt, LT, Lieut and similar) is a commissioned officer rank in the armed forces of many nations. The meaning of lieutenant differs in different militaries (see comparative military ranks), but it is often sub ...
on 17 February 1891, and to
captain Captain is a title, an appellative for the commanding officer of a military unit; the supreme leader of a navy ship, merchant ship, aeroplane, spacecraft, or other vessel; or the commander of a port, fire or police department, election precinct, e ...
on 17 February 1899. He served as a captain during the
Second Boer War The Second Boer War ( af, Tweede Vryheidsoorlog, , 11 October 189931 May 1902), also known as the Boer War, the Anglo–Boer War, or the South African War, was a conflict fought between the British Empire and the two Boer Republics (the Sout ...
(1899–1902), and returned home in September 1902, two months after the end of the war. For his service, he received the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) in the September 1901 South African Honours list (the order was dated 29 November 1900). Although principally concerned with railway construction, he took a keen interest in tactics, fortifications, and the effectiveness of modern weaponry, especially the recently introduced machine-gun. After the war, he wrote his book on small unit tactics, ''The Defence of Duffer's Drift'', a military classic on minor tactics that has been used by the Canadian Army, Canadian and British Army, British Armies to train their Non-commissioned officer, NCOs and officers, and by US military to train its officers. In the years leading up to the
First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, he served as a staff officer and as an official historian of the Russo-Japanese War.


First World War

The War Minister, Horatio Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, Lord Kitchener, appointed Swinton as the official British war correspondent on the Western Front (World War I), Western Front. Journalists were not allowed at the front, and Swinton's reports were censored leading to an effectively uncontroversial although even-handed reporting.


Development of tanks

Swinton recounts in his book ''Eyewitness'' how he first got the sudden idea to build a tank on 19 October 1914, while driving a car in France. It is known that in July 1914 he received a letter from a friend, a mining engineer named Hugh F. Marriott whom he had met while in South Africa. Marriott occasionally sent Swinton news of technical developments that might have a military application, and his letter described a machine he had seen in Antwerp, an American-made Holt tractor, Holt Caterpillar Tractor. He suggested that the machine might be useful for transport, and Swinton passed the information on to several military and political figures who he thought might be interested. At the time, with no apparent prospect of war, the idea seemed to be a matter only of transport efficiency, and Swinton forgot about the matter. The idea of a caterpillar track as the basis for a fighting vehicle occurred to him only as he drove from Saint-Omer, St. Omer to Calais on the morning of 19 October. In UK, Britain, David Roberts (engineer), David Roberts of Richard Hornsby & Sons had attempted starting in 1911 to interest British military officials in a tracked vehicle, but failed. Benjamin Holt of the Holt Manufacturing Company bought the patents related to the "chain track" track-type tractor from Richard Hornsby & Sons in 1914 for £4,000. When World War I broke out, with the problem of trench warfare and the difficulty of transporting supplies to the front, the pulling power of Continuous track, crawling-type tractors drew the attention of the military. The British War Office conducted trials with Holt tractors at Aldershot but saw them only as suitable for towing heavy artillery. Major Swinton was sent to France as an army war correspondent. In November 1914 he suggested to Sir Maurice Hankey, Secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defence, the construction of a bullet-proof, tracked vehicle that could destroy enemy machine guns. In July 1915, Swinton was given a prominent post in the War Office and became aware of the Landship Committee, which was entirely under the control of British Admiralty, Admiralty; he formed a working friendship with its secretary, Albert Gerald Stern. Swinton was able to persuade the prime minister to call an inter-departmental conference on 28 August 1915, which ensured the army's cooperation with the Landship Committee's work and it was Swinton who drew up the specifications of the performance which the army would require. In 1916 Swinton was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and given responsibility for training the first tank units. He created the first tactical instructions for armoured warfare. The Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors decided after the war that the inventors of the tank were Sir William Tritton, managing director of William Foster & Co., Fosters and Major Walter Gordon Wilson; however, Swinton was awarded £1,000 for his contribution. By 1918, the War Office had received 2,100 Holt tractors. In April 1918, while on a tour of the US, Swinton visited Stockton, California, Stockton, California to publicly honour Benjamin Holt and the company for their contribution to the war effort and to relay Britain's gratitude to the inventor. Benjamin Holt was recognised by the General at a public meeting held in Stockton.


Post-war

In 1919 Swinton retired as a Major General. He subsequently served in the Civil Aviation department at the Air Ministry. He thereafter joined Citroën in 1922 as a director. He was Chichele Professor of Military History at the University of Oxford and a Oxbridge Fellow, fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, from 1925 to 1939; he was also a Colonel Commandant of the Royal Tank Corps from 1934 to 1938. In 1938, he edited ''Twenty Years After: the Battlefields of 1914–18: then and Now'', a publication of George Newnes Limited. This was planned for issue in 20 parts but ultimately amounted to 42. The magazine-style publication contained wartime and present-day (ca. 1938) images of France.


Family life

Swinton married Grace Louise Clayton in 1897 and they had two sons and a daughter. His daughter died in a road accident during the Second World War."Maj.-Gen. Sir Ernest Swinton." Times [London, England] 17 January 1951: 6. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 5 August 2012. Swinton died in Oxford on 15 January 1951.


Honours and awards

*DSO : Distinguished Service Order, Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) – ''29 November 1900'' – in recognition of services during operations in South Africa. *CB : Order of the Bath, Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) – ''12 February 1917'' – in recognition of services during the war. * KBE : Order of the British Empire, Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire – ''2 June 1923'' – in the King's Birthday Honours. * Legion of Honour, Croix de Chevalier of the Legion of Honour – ''1916'' – in recognition of distinguished service during the campaign


Works


''Eyewitness : Being Personal Reminicsences of Certain Phases of the Great War, Including the Genesis of the Tank
' (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1932)


See also

* Clan Swinton


References


Bibliography

* Swinton, Ernest (under the pseudonym "Lieutenant Backsight Forethought")
''The Defence of Duffer's Drift''
Oxford: United Service Magazine, 1905; Originally published in April 1905 in "The British Infantry Journal", . * Swinton, Ernest (as editor)
''The Truth About Port Arthur''
London: Murray, 1908 * Swinton, Ernest (as editor)
''The Russian Army and the Japanese War, Vol. I''
New York: Dutton, 1909 * Swinton, Ernest (as editor)
''The Russian Army and the Japanese War, Vol. II''
New York: Dutton, 1909 * McClure's Magazine (two articles under the pseudonym "Ole Luk-Oie")
''Link''
1910 * Swinton, Ernest (under the pseudonym "Ole Luk-Oie")
''The Green Curve''
New York: Doubleday, 1914, and as an added bonus, hi
''obituary''
* Swinton, Ernest (under the pseudonym "Ole Luk-Oie")
''The Great Tab Dope''
Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1916 * Swinton, Ernest
''Tanks''
1918, reprinted from "The Strand Magazine". * ''The Study of War'' (1926) * Swinton, Major-General Sir Ernest D.

London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1932 (includes the genesis of the tank) * ''Over My Shoulder'' (1951, posthumously) also: * (translation) ''An Eastern Odyssey: The Third Expedition of Haardt and Audion-Dubreuil'' (1935)


External links

* Internet Archive (Please create a free account to view the footnotes and references above)
''Link''


* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Swinton, Ernest Dunlop 1868 births 1951 deaths Military personnel of British India British Army major generals Military personnel from Bangalore Companions of the Distinguished Service Order Companions of the Order of the Bath History of the tank Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire British Army generals of World War I Royal Engineers officers British Army personnel of the Second Boer War British war correspondents People educated at University College School British military historians Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford Chichele Professors of the History of War People educated at Blackheath Proprietary School Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur